Chapter 05: Keysets

Pact Keysets determine which accounts can access and update various parts of a smart contract. In this chapter, you will define an admin-keyset in the principal namespace that you created in the previous chapter. This keyset will contain the public key of the admin account that you created in Chapter 03. In the next chapters you will use the admin-keyset to authorize only your admin account to make high impact transactions on the election smart contract. These transactions include upgrading the smart contract and nominating candidates for other accounts to vote on.

In this chapter, you will first use the Pact REPL to test out Pact commands for defining a keyset. At the end of the chapter you will define a keyset for your project on your local Devnet.

In the ./pact folder, create a file keyset.repl. Write an empty transaction inside this file.

if you have the pact executable installed locally, you can run the keyset.repl file using the following command in a terminal with the current directory set to the root of your project.

If you do not have the pact executable installed locally, you can run the keyset.repl file from the pact ttyd in your browser. Make sure that your local Devnet is running.

If all is well, you should see the following output.

Inside the transaction you will call the built-in Pact function define-keyset with the name of the keyset as the first argument and the actual keyset as the second argument. This function is wrapped by the expect function in order to test that calling define-keyset will succeed. The first argument of expect is the title of the test, the second argument is the expected output of the define-keyset function and the third argument is the actual define-keyset function call. Add the following code between the begin-tx and commit-tx lines in keyset.repl and run it.

The test will fail with the message No such key in message: admin-keyset. You will need to load the admin-keyset into the context of the Pact REPL so they can be read using the read-keyset function. Add the following lines at the top of the keyset.repl file and run it again.

The test will still fail, this time with the message Cannot define a keyset outside of a namespace. As it appears, keysets may only be defined within a namespace. Add the following transaction before the other transaction to define a namespace called election.

You will also need to use the election namespace in the Define a new keyset transaction and prefix the name of the keyset with election.. Update that transaction as follows and run the keyset.repl file again.

You will notice that your test is still failing, this time with a Keyset failure. This is because the Define a new keyset transaction must be signed in accordance with the actual keyset that is passed to the define-keyset function. Add a signature for the key admin-key to the keyset.repl file, right before the Define a new keyset transaction as follows and run the file again.

Finally, Load successful will be printed at the end of the output in your terminal, which means that your test has passed and you successfully defined a keyset called election in the election namespace using the Pact REPL.

The election.admin-keyset you defined is now protected by the admin-keyset with admin-key as the only key. In case someone else tries to call define-keyset to redefine election.admin-keyset using an admin-keyset containing the keys to their own account, that transaction will fail. Remember that your keyset definition will be used to authorize only your admin account to make high impact transactions on the election smart contract, like upgrading the smart contract and manipulating sensitive data. You would not want others to be able to transfer this authorization from you to themselves by accident or on purpose.

To verify that other accounts are indeed unable to seize control of your namespace, add another test case to the keyset.repl file. First, you will load the admin-keyset into the context of the Pact REPL. The keys of this keyset contain a different public key than the one that was used when the keyset was initially defined. A signature must be defined for the other public key to prevent the transaction from failing with a Keyset failure. The transaction you will add is exactly the same as the previous one, except for the expect function, which is changed to expect-failure. Add the following code to your keyset.repl file and run it.

At the end of the output you will see Load successful, which means that your test has passed and you proved that the election.admin-keyset is exclusively governed by the account with the admin-key and cannot be redefined by others.

It is possible to transfer governance permissions to someone else by rotating the election.admin-keyset. This can be convenient if, for instance, the administrator of the election resigns and a successor needs to take over the election administration. All that is needed to rotate the keyset is to add the signature for the original admin-key to the transaction. In the keyset.repl file, create signatures for both public keys and add another transaction in which the redefinition of the election.admin-keyset is expected to succeed, and run it.

At the end of the output you will see Load successful, which means that your test has passed and you successfully rotated the election.admin-keyset, meaning that is it is now governed by an admin-keyset that contains the public key other-public-key.

In the previous chapter you defined a principal namespace on your local Devnet. At the end of this chapter you will define an admin-keyset in that principal namespace. Before sending the transaction to Devnet, it is a good idea to first test if the transaction will work in the Pact REPL. Open the (other) ./pact/principal-namespace.repl file in your editor and add the transaction displayed below. The main difference from the previous Define a new keyset transaction is that the name of the keyset passed to the define-keyset function is not passed as the hardcoded string election.admin-keyset. Instead, it is composed of the principal namespace name stored in the ns-name variable and the string admin-keyset. The ns-name variable, in turn, gets its value assigned from the return value of a call to the ns.create-principal-namespace function. Also note that, before calling define-keyset you need to enter the principal namespace first, using the the statement (namespace ns-name). Finally, you need to add a signature for the transaction to succeed.

At the end of the output you will see Load successful, which means that your test has passed and you successfully defined the admin-keyset in the principal namespace You are now ready to define the admin keyset that holds your own admin account's public key in the principal namespace on your local Devnet.

Before you define your keyset on Devnet, make sure that Chainweaver is open and the Devnet network is selected. Also, verify that your admin account exists and holds KDA on chain 1. Otherwise, repeat the steps in the previous chapters to create and fund your admin account. Chainweaver needs to remain open, because you will use it to sign the transaction for defining the keyset. Switch to your editor and open the file ./snippets/define-keyset.ts. The pactCommand variable contains the crucial bit of Pact code for defining the keyset in your principle namespace. The code should look familiar if you followed along with the exercises in this chapter. At this point in thet tutorial, you should be able to explain how the the Pact.builder constructs the transaction, on what line the transaction is signed, on what line the transaction is sent to the blockchain, and how the response from the blockchain is handled.

Open up a terminal and change the directory to the ./snippets folder in the root of your project. Execute the ./define-keyset.ts snippet by running the following command. Replace k:account with your admin account.

The Chainweaver window usually comes to the foreground as soon as there is a new signing request for one of your accounts. If not, manually bring the Chainweaver window to the foreground. You will see a modal with details of the signing request. Click Sign All to sign the request and switch back to your terminal window. If everything went well, you will see something similar to the following output.

Congratulations! You have defined a keyset in your principle namespace on your local Devnet. This keyset is governed by your admin account.

In this chapter you learned to define and update a keyset in the Pact REPL, allowing you to verify the behavior of Pact keysets on your local computer before defining a keyset on the blockchain. You used the Kadena JavaScript client to define a keyset in the principal namespace to your local Devnet. In the next chapter you will create the election Pact module that will become the back-end of the election website. The pact module will be defined in your principle namespace and it will be governed by the keyset you defined in this chapter. In later chapters, the keyset will also be used to guard high impact functions inside the election Pact module, such as nominating candidates that can receive votes.